L’étonnement, un questionnement ?
Pourquoi rapprocher philosophe et coach ? Plus de 2000 ans séparent l’origine de ses deux métiers ou postures. Pourtant, lorsque le philosophe questionne et invite son interlocuteur à s’interroger lui-même, à remettre en question ce qui lui parait acquis, ne fait-il pas le même travail que le coach ? Pour définir un objectif challengeant et motivant le coach accompagne son client dans l’observation de son contexte, de sa réalité présente. Ils mènent ensemble une démarche d’interrogation, de réfutation parfois, d’argumentation aussi. Ces termes et procédés sont bien connus du philosophe. Il ne se satisfait pas de la réalité telle qu’elle semble être. Il doute et analyse pour mieux l’appréhender.
Socrate, un spécialiste de l’étonnement ?
Dans le Théétète de Platon, Socrate et Théétète réfléchissent ensemble sur la figure du philosophe : « Il est tout à fait d’un philosophe, ce sentiment, s’étonner. La philosophie n’a point d’autre origine ». En prenant conscience de l’harmonie cachée du monde, le philosophe antique est fasciné par l’introduction de l’invisible, l’apparition du beau et du bien, dans le réel. Mais il s’extrait de cette contemplation pour analyser et comprendre le phénomène.
S’étonner pour penser
L’étonnement est alors l’aiguillon qui oblige la pensée à persévérer. Le questionnement se poursuit, le philosophe compare les éléments, cherche des confirmations ou oppositions. Les hypothèses se bousculent ; elles ont besoin de vérifier les avancées de l’argument à l’aulne de l’expérience. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, j’ai mené une petite enquête. A la question : « Pensez-vous que l’étonnement soit à l’origine de la réflexion ? », 76,2 °/° des personnes interrogées ont répondu positivement. Être étonné par un évènement revient à reconnaître sa propre ignorance. Celui qui s’étonne réalise qu’il ne sait pas ou qu’il croyait savoir. Le blasé ni le sachant ne peuvent se prêter à ce jeu. S’étonner est un manque sur lequel le désir de savoir peut s’installer.
S’étonner pour comprendre
Pour Aristote, l’étonnement est une surprise devant une chose que l’on ne connaît pas ou que l’on ne comprend pas. Dans La Métaphysique, il appuie son raisonnement sur l’exemple du penseur qui s’étonne devant des difficultés croissantes. Le raisonnement se complexifie mais le processus reste le même :
« C’est, en effet, l’étonnement qui poussa, comme aujourd’hui, les premiers penseurs aux spéculations philosophiques. Au début, leur étonnement porta sur les difficultés qui se présentaient les premières à l’esprit ; puis, s’avançant ainsi peu à peu, ils étendirent leur exploration à des problèmes plus importants, tels que les phénomènes de la Lune, ceux du Soleil et des Étoiles, enfin la genèse de l’Univers. Or apercevoir une difficulté et s’étonner, c’est reconnaître sa propre ignorance ».
Une surprise devant l’étrange
Le Dictionnaire philosophique d’André Comte-Sponville donne une définition de l’étonnement qui confirme cette approche : Toute surprise qui ne s’explique pas seulement par la soudaineté, mais bien par l’aspect étrange ou mystérieux d’un phénomène considéré. Le philosophe s’étonne de ce qui n’étonne pas, ou plus, la plupart de ses contemporains. . Cette définition est éclairante car elle déplace le point d’attention. L’étonnement ne surgit pas seulement devant l’improviste mais devant l’étrangeté. Or pour le philosophe ou le chercheur, tout peut devenir étrange car tout peut porter au questionnement. Rien n’est acquis, rien n’est posé une fois pour toute. Plus encore, tout mérite d’être interrogé, remis en question, passé au crible du doute.
Un silencieux étonnement
Peut-on paraphraser André Comte-Sponville et dire de l’étonnement qu’il est essentiel au coaching qui s’étonne moins de ce qui est nouveau ou inattendu que de ce qui résiste à l’évidence ou à la familiarité. Ne faut-il pas s’étonner pour changer ? Evidemment, dans sa posture de non-jugement, le coach ne saurait susciter l’étonnement chez son client, ni l’utiliser comment un outil. Il ne peut que l’accueillir, sans même le nommer, lorsqu’il surgit.
Coaching Individuel – Accompagnement aux changements personnels
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